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How to Master the Apostrophe

January 10, 2025 By LDSPMA Leave a Comment

Apostrophes are one of the most diverse punctuation marks in the English language. They can be used and placed in various ways to change the meaning of a sentence. You’ll want to make sure you’re using them correctly, so that your writing reads clearly. In this article, we’ll outline simple rules that will bring confidence and accuracy to your apostrophe use in the future.

This is an apostrophe: ’ It is also known as the right single quotation mark.

This looks like an apostrophe but is not: ‘ It is the left single quotation mark, which can’t be interchanged with an apostrophe.

Apostrophes are used for three main reasons: signifying possessives, replacing missing letters or numbers, and—rarely—to form plurals.

1. Signifying Possessives

This is the most complicated use of the apostrophe. Possessives have a handful of nuances based on singular or plural form and, in some cases, the pronunciation of the individual word. But don’t let that scare you. We’ll lay out some simple rules you can follow so you’ll get this down in no time.

Singular Possessive

This is the easy one. To show that a singular person, place, or thing possesses something or someone else, add an apostrophe and an s to the end of the noun.

The cat’s paws were as pristine as a white carpet.

A student’s book was in the street.

My toddler’s red balloon sailed into the sky.

The same rule applies to singular nouns that end in s. Add both the apostrophe and the s at the end of the word.

James’s dog chases Chris’s ball.

Arkansas’s capital has a booming industry.

Agnes’s report said that her crocus’s petals were as vibrant as ever.

Note: Not every style guide agrees on the treatment of singular nouns as possessives. For example, in the Associated Press (AP) style, the noun being proper or common will determine whether to use an apostrophe or the apostrophe s. However, the majority of style guides, including Chicago style (CMOS), American Psychological Association style (APA), and Modern Language Association style (MLA), agree with the rule above.

Plural Possessive

Most plural words in the English language end in s or es to show more than one person, place, or thing. For those plural possessives, add only the apostrophe after the end of the word.

The knives’ sharpness made even the most experienced chefs take precaution.

My sisters’ shoes always look pristine.

The boxes’ angles interested the children.

For plural nouns that don’t end in s or es, we revert back to the original rule. Add an apostrophe and an s.

The children’s toys were sprawled across the room.

The mice’s tails whipped behind them as they ran.

The women’s discussion enlightened each member of the room.

There are a handful of words in English that end in s both when they are singular and plural. Examples are leggings and politics. For these kinds of words, just add an apostrophe like you would for plural words ending in s, even if they are used in a singular sense.

The headquarters’ main office had cubicles.

The crossroads’ intersections both needed to be cleared of debris.

The tweezers’ prongs were sharper than necessary.

Similarly, words that have a plural form ending in s but are singular in meaning, like United States, follow the same rule of adding only an apostrophe.

Beverly Hills’ homes are some of the most expensive in the country.

Longwood Gardens’ woodlands contain over 100 floral species.

Portland Academy of Writers’ meetings are extensive and informative.

Joint Possession

When a noun is owned by two or more people, this is called joint possession. The placement of the apostrophe (or apostrophes) in joint possession will change the meaning of the sentence. If two or more people own the same item, only one apostrophe is used with the last written owner’s name. If two or more people own separate but similar items, apostrophes are used with each written owner’s name.

For example, if we wanted to talk about dogs that were owned by both Jim and Pam, we would write, “Jim and Pam’s dogs.” The apostrophe is placed only after Pam’s name to show that Jim and Pam own the same dogs. If we wanted to talk about dogs that were owned separately, some by Jim and some by Pam, we would write, “Jim’s and Pam’s dogs.” The apostrophes after both names signify that Jim and Pam do not own the same dogs but have their own set of dogs.

Chancy, Noah, and Clara’s parents celebrated their 28th anniversary.

(Chancy, Noah, and Clara all have the same parents.)

Emma’s, Anthony’s, and Sawyer’s parents shop at the same grocery store.

(Emma, Anthony, and Sawyer all have different parents.)

Halley and Stuart’s bakery is located on the corner.

(Halley and Stuart own the same bakery.)

Josie’s and Caleb’s bakeries are across the street from each other.

(Josie and Caleb own two separate bakeries.)

Last Names Ending in S

Here’s a little bonus section for you. Sometimes last names that end in s can make the plural and the possessive complicated. But if you follow the rules stated above, you can figure out the correct way to write each last name in each situation.

Let’s say the last name is Leavitt. If we want to talk about one Leavitt (singular) in the possessive form, we would add an apostrophe and an s. “Sophie Leavitt’s nails were painted red.”

If we want to talk about all the people in the Leavitt family (plural), it would be Leavitts. Now, let’s add the possessive form with the plural. Like we mentioned above, for plurals already ending in s, simply add an apostrophe. “The Leavitts’ car is brand new.” Simple enough, right?

Here’s where the confusion comes in. What if the last name ends in s already? Let’s take the last name Roberts, for example. In the singular possessive form, we would say, “Ignacio Roberts’s house is the quaintest on the block.” Making that last name plural, it’s Robertses. Now, follow the same rule for a plural noun already ending in s: add only an apostrophe. “The Robertses’ cat dashed under our porch.”

2. Replacing Missing Letters or Numbers

Sometimes apostrophes stand in for letters or numbers. These are called contractions. For example, in the contraction don’t the apostrophe stands in for the missing o in the phrase do not. Here are more examples:

won’t for will not

’twas for it was

gov’t for government

rock ’n’ roll for rock and roll

cookin’ for cooking

Apostrophes standing in for numerals have less variations. They are mainly used to signify the year. So, instead of 1994, we could use an apostrophe to replace the numbers 19 and simply write ’94.

3. Forming Plurals

This is the least common use of the apostrophe. In fact, it’s pretty rare. An apostrophe can show the plural form only when adding an s or es would make the meaning ambiguous.

For example, if we’re talking about lowercase letters of the alphabet in the plural form, it would be confusing to read “The teacher wrote xes on the chalkboard.” The reader may not know if the teacher wrote more than one x or xes. Instead, to be very clear, we would use an apostrophe. “The teacher wrote x’s on the chalkboard.” This applies to lowercase letters, but capital letters are pluralized by adding only s. (“She got all As on her report card.”)

You may also see this same usage being applied to numbers, but it’s not as common. (“The algorithm required we use only 0’s and 1’s.”)

Apostrophes are diverse, but you can master them if you review the guidelines outlined above. The more you practice using apostrophes, the more confident you’ll be that you’re applying them correctly. To learn more about apostrophes, you can read the Chicago Manual of Style, sections 7.5–30 and 5.20. And if you’re ever confused, you can always refer back to this article.

We would like to thank Breanna Call and our friends at Ever Editing for allowing us to share this article with you. To read the other great articles they’ve written, click here.

The Desire to Paint the Savior

December 27, 2024 By LDSPMA Leave a Comment

Growing up, I was surrounded by creativity and love of the beauty in the world. My dad was a concert violinist, a writer, and an inventor. My mom sang hymns, gardened, and created beautiful quilts. Both were art appreciators. They spoke often of works of art that inspired them.

My mom had traveled to Europe and talked about her experience seeing the works of Michelangelo and da Vinci. Stories of her travels led me to study works of art from these masters who demonstrated devotion to God in their work, which caused me to seek out other artists like Carl Bloch and more modern contemporary artists like Harry Anderson and Greg Olsen. Being in a home surrounded by beautiful paintings of Christ guided my journey to want to do the same.

Preparing to Paint the Divine

The desire to paint Christ came very early in my life; however, the application of this was and still is very intimidating. Of all the subjects I paint, this is the one that requires the most meditation, study, personal reflection, and help from Above. I find that when I am working on a painting of a spiritual nature, but especially one that includes an image of the Savior, it is very important how I prepare myself for the task.

This starts with prayer, then leads to scripture study, which is often tied to the theme of the piece, and then I journal my ideas and impressions. I am also affected by what I listen to while I paint. I will listen to conference talks, hymns, classical music, or uplifting podcasts to help with the mood as I work. I pray for the Spirit to be present while I work so that the viewer feels the same spirit while appreciating the finished work.

Searching for References

The first time I attempted to paint a depiction of Christ, I prayed earnestly to find a model to photograph as a reference. I searched for someone with kindness in his eyes and the love of the Savior in his countenance. I was blessed to find a model who exhibited both attributes, and he was wonderful to work with. I would explain what I needed during our photo shoot, and his expression would become contemplative. The feeling of trying to bring the Spirit for both of us was there.

I prepare myself personally as I plan to paint a representation of the Savior; models and actors do the same when they are trying to represent Him as well. It’s a daunting task for both of us, but I believe God sees our efforts and magnifies them. I’ve definitely felt His hand helping me with what He wants me to accomplish. The challenge for me then is to bring that same spirit into the physical work of art.

Receiving Inspiration through Trials

I have had some of my most emotional paintings come to me during my darkest times. There are paintings and ideas that have come to me specifically because of what I am going through at the time. It helps me to know that God sees me and speaks to me through the gifts He has given me.

I know also that if I am feeling these things, others are as well, and my prayer and hope is to allow God to use me to speak to others who are struggling. My painting Our Mediator came during a challenging time in my life, and I felt so strongly that because of Jesus, I would be able to get through my trials because He would mediate for me. It was such a comforting feeling.

A painting of Christ. — Our Mediator by Jessica Michaelson

Coming Closer to Christ

When I am painting works of Jesus, I find that I search and ponder about His teachings more in my daily life. I am searching for what He said in the scriptures and for the deeper meanings behind His words. I find that I grow closer to Him through this process, and it not only helps me paint, but also shapes me as a person.

After losing my father unexpectedly, I thought about how Jesus had experienced loss. He lost His adopted father, Joseph, His cousin John, and for a time, His friend Lazarus. Knowing this led me to paint Acquainted with Grief, which illustrated the grief Jesus felt in the moment of losing a loved one. I felt closer to Him knowing that He knows what my grief feels like.

Acquainted with Grief by Jessica Michaelson

Honoring the Great Creator

God is the best example of being a perfect creator. What a wonderful example we have from Him of the joy of creation. He shows His love for us when He shares His creations with us. It is like admiring a sunset, knowing that it will disappear the next day, but that its beauty, while fleeting, is stunning.

God’s creations show us the love God has for us. They show us that He created everything and continues to create not just the world around us, but also the beauty in our lives amidst our trials and weaknesses. That’s what I see every day as He takes my weaknesses and makes them stronger in my attempts to use the talents He has given me to glorify my Savior, Jesus Christ.

Jessica Michaelson

Jessica has been an artist as long as she can remember. Growing up, she would draw on walls and furniture and even went so far as to etch a picture in her bedroom door with a safety pin, much to the dismay of her parents. To save their home and their sanity, her parents enrolled her in private art lessons, and her love of art continued to blossom. Jessica found mentors and teachers in workshops from world-renowned artists.

Jessica teaches art in her home studio part-time to both adults and children. She enjoys sharing what she knows and works with her students in nearly every medium. Not only has teaching been fulfilling, but it has solidified what Jessica has learned through countless hours of study and practice as only teaching can.

In her continued art practice, she has found she enjoys working with an emphasis in portrait and figurative work, as well as works in nature. More recently, Jessica has been painting religious and spiritual work with a focus on painting Christ. Her religious work holds great meaning for her. Her works have been published in books and calendars and highlighted in gallery shows. You can learn more about her on her website.

A Conversation with Scott Christopher

December 13, 2024 By LDSPMA Leave a Comment

Scott Christopher is the author of the best-selling People People, The Levity Effect, and The Seven UPs of Happiness. He is also a sought-after actor who has appeared in many network television series, including NCIS, Modern Family, Criminal Minds, Granite Flats, Touched By an Angel, and many other movies on Disney Channel, Hallmark, Lifetime, Netflix, and Amazon. He and his wife, Elizabeth, live in Salt Lake City and have five sons and two grandkids.

Scott knew he wanted to be an actor when he was three years old and his sister taught him to read. From there, he began to read and copy scripts or whatever literature he could get his hands on. Every movement he made became a scene in his head, imagining a camera trained on him no matter what room he was in.

Validation for his creative pursuits came years later when he and his brother won a national acting competition at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. Before their turn to compete, they stepped outside through the emergency exit for a moment. “And we two elders of Israel… folded our arms and said a prayer right there on the bank of the Potomac.” They didn’t ask for the Lord’s help to win the competition, though they and their young wives needed the money.

Instead, they prayed, “Father, please just help us to do our best. We’ve been rehearsing and have yet to [finish our routine within] the time limit, which is five minutes.”

They came in at four minutes and fifty-nine seconds, winning the whole competition by a unanimous decision from the judges. Scott won best actor, and his brother won best partner. The win motivated Scott to continue pursuing his goals. He recalls thinking, “I’ll keep trying this. I wasn’t gonna change my mind anyway, but that helped.”

Born in Michigan and raised by a single mother who converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Scott learned to trust in the Lord. Thanks to his mother’s faith, he grew up believing God was in charge of his life. Once his mother realized he was set on being an actor, she told him “to trust the Lord. Let Him be your agent.” And while that wasn’t the most practical advice from a business standpoint, Scott still pleads with Heavenly Father to point him in the direction he needs to go.

One of the first moments Scott realized he had made it in the acting world was working on the BYU-TV scripted show Granite Flats, which was a well-received and highly rated show. Scott says, “I made good friends with one of the actors who was very helpful in connecting me to [directors and producers in] Los Angeles. She understood that I had pretty strict values and standards and that I wasn’t looking to audition for everything under the sun.”

He goes on to say how critical the writing process is in terms of the creative whole. “If it’s well written, just hand me the script, give me a minute to memorize it, and I’ll just come out and play as me—within the context of the script. I put my life in the hands of the Lord and just see what’s out there.” Sometimes the parts are only two lines, but if the TV episode is clean, he can leave the set without feeling embarrassed about his work.

There are things, however, that Scott won’t do for the sake of an acting part. During his LDS mission in Barcelona, Spain, he became fluent in Spanish, a skill that opened up unique opportunities in his career. When offered a Spanish-speaking part on a major Amazon Prime series, his “spidey sense” started tingling over the possible content. Though he knew the show would be grittier than his other projects, it wasn’t until he reviewed the scripts and discovered the TV-MA rating that he realized he couldn’t lower his standards to take the role. He says, “Within two minutes, I was on the phone with my agent, and I said, ‘It’s not gonna happen.’”

While the producers begged him to be a part of the show, the writers refused to change the script to conform to his standards. Scott says, “So we parted ways. I thanked and praised the Lord for letting me see the scripts before I signed anything. I was heartbroken, but I was happy and at peace.”

As he concludes his discussion about his creative journey, Scott says, “Be 100% true to what you know and have felt and believed, that truly the perspective of the great plan of salvation is not about what we can take with us. We automatically assume that we’re talking about the money, jewelry, cars, and boats. And while that is true, there are
other things you can’t take with you, like the desire to have these things. We each have our own little gifts. Those carry on through eternity, but their worldly importance does not.”

Scott emphasizes how service and loving others truly make a difference. Joy comes from helping others. “Find what you’re passionate about, and hopefully what you’re passionate about does make a difference, even if it’s minute and small and local. Go after it.”

This article is based on the Called to Create podcast featured during Season 3, Episode 15. You can listen to the full podcast here.

A Step-by-Step Guide to Starting Your Online Business

November 29, 2024 By Kami Pehrson Leave a Comment

Megan LaFrance’s journey into entrepreneurship started during the COVID-19 pandemic when she was home with her three young sons and facing a never-ending cycle of messes. She found that the towels she was using were ineffective at absorbing spills and cleaning sticky surfaces. On top of that, their boring, one-sided designs left much to be desired. These insights sparked the idea for Bloom Towels, a line of efficient microfiber dishcloths with vibrant patterns printed on both sides. Through research, hard work, and determination, Megan has grown her passion into a thriving business that supports her family and employs other moms of young children.

Here are the steps Megan recommends to start your own online business.

Step 1: Choose Your Product

To start, Megan had to think of a problem that needed to be solved. She first tried selling tiered trays and wall decals, but she wasn’t passionate about the products. Dish towels proved to be a perfect fit, as they are lightweight, easy to ship, always in demand, and they solve an everyday need.

Step 2: Research Suppliers and Order Samples

After brainstorming an idea, Megan had to source her supplies. She ordered towel samples from various suppliers and tested them at home to compare quality and functionality. She prefers to buy through Alibaba— a business-to-consumer (B2C) platform that keeps prices low by requiring a Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ). The MOQ is usually higher for custom designs and lower for items they already have in stock.

Step 3: Design and Brand Your Product

Megan, along with her mom and sister, comprise the design team that shapes the aesthetic of Bloom Towels. They brainstorm pattern ideas based on seasonal themes and customer feedback, drawing inspiration from places like Pinterest and other image sites. Together, they develop cohesive design themes like bright pinks for Valentine’s Day or neutral tones for autumn, creating three to five trendy towel designs for each launch.

Step 4: Start Small and Test the Market

Megan recommends starting small when launching an online business. Instead of committing to a large inventory, focus on a limited selection of products. Test the market and assess customer interest without overextending your finances. Selling out of your products can benefit your business, as “out-of-stock” products create a sense of urgency and exclusivity among your customers. As demand for your product grows, you can gradually increase your orders. If the product you are trying to sell isn’t successful, you can pivot to something else. However, Megan cautions against switching products too often. “I’ve seen many businesses jump from one product to another, leading them deeper into debt without becoming successful,” she says. “Make sure to sell your initial batch of products before moving on to the next.”

Step 5: Build Your Online Presence

Megan uses Instagram and her website as her primary marketing channels. She has also expanded to Facebook and TikTok, but she advises focusing mainly on one platform to avoid spreading yourself too thin. She says, “Put up a lot of videos and pictures on whatever social media platform you’re using because when you reach out to influencers, that’s the first place they go. If you have no images or videos to show them, they won’t want to represent your brand because they can’t see what you’re selling.” She sends samples of her towels to a professional photographer who takes “flat lay” photos for the product catalog. Her sister oversees content on her social media sites, including stop-motion animation, lifestyle videos, and slow-motion clips of people using the towels.

Step 6: Use Influencer Marketing to Grow Your Audience

Influencer marketing played a significant role in growing Bloom Towels. Megan markets to influencers in the cleaning and home organization niches who resonate with her target audience. She uses an outreach strategy to get influencers to notice her messages by commenting on their posts before sending direct messages to ensure her message goes to their main inboxes. She explains, “I’ll leave a message that says, ‘Hey! We have these cute towels, and we’d love for you to try some. Let us know if you’d like more details.’” She then offers influencers affiliate marketing opportunities, allowing them to earn a commission from sales generated through their posts.

Step 7: Create a Reliable System for Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing systems help business owners facilitate partnerships with influencers who promote their products. Megan uses UpPromote to streamline her affiliate program and organize her sales data. The software tracks sales, assigns discount codes, and calculates commissions. She says, “When an influencer signs up to be an affiliate, the software will assign them a coupon code that gives their followers a 15% off discount. The system will track sales for us so when we pay our influencers, we know exactly how much we owe them.”

Megan likes to reach out to influencers a couple of weeks before her launch days to get them on board. Influencers will share sneak peeks of the product leading up to the big launch party when the towels become available, including their unique affiliate link.

Step 8: Engage with Your Customers

Megan listens to customer requests and suggestions to guide her designs. She uses her email list and social media to engage with customers, build customer loyalty, and decide on new products and themes.

Step 9: Invest in Coaching and a Support Network

Megan credits much of her success to using a business coach and following their process. She explains, “I used the program ‘0 to 100K’ from Alison Prince. She was also a mom who started a business selling online and then taught others how to do it too.”

As her business grew, Megan sought out different coaches who specialized in areas she wanted to improve, such as wholesaling to retail stores. Networking with other business owners also provided her with valuable advice and support that helped her when her business reached a plateau in sales. She shares, “When I started my business, it helped to have a group of other business owners I could talk to all the time who were on the same level as me because we could grow together.”

Step 10: Adapt and Evolve Your Strategy

Over time, Megan expanded her product line, tried out new opportunities, and fine-tuned her influencer marketing strategy. She also started selling her towels on Faire, a wholesale platform where retailers can buy products to sell in their stores. By earning a “Top Shop” ranking, Bloom Towels got a huge boost in visibility. Then a team of sales reps reached out, wanting to represent her products. Today, customers can find Bloom Towels in 180 brick-and-mortar stores.

Step 11: Celebrate Your Progress

Megan enjoys running a business that allows her to support her family financially, explore her creative side, and give other moms the opportunity to earn extra income. She says, “Starting out slow has been a gift. It took me five years to get to where I am now, and I’m growing steadily and doing well, which is exactly what I want. I don’t want it to be overwhelming for anyone. Don’t measure your success against others—just focus on yourself. If your business is growing even just a little bit each month, you’re doing great.”

Kami Pehrson

Kami Pehrson lives with her husband and five teenage children in Stansbury Park, Utah. She recently finished her master’s degree in English and creative writing and has written three novels—but is still trying to figure out what to do with them. She loves editing, reading, and playing word games on her phone. She also enjoys listening to audiobooks while half-heartedly doing Pilates in the living room.

Common Publishing Terms to Know

November 15, 2024 By LDSPMA Leave a Comment

If you’re jumping into the publishing world—welcome! We’re happy you’re here. We love new people, voices, and stories. As you’ve looked into writing groups, editing stages, publishers, and more, you’ve likely come across the many terms associated with the publishing industry. As with any trade, there is a plethora of jargon.

But there’s no need to be overwhelmed or confused as you step into your writing journey. We’ve got you covered. This publishing tip will introduce you to some of the main terms used in writing, editing, design, and publishing.

Acquisition. When a publisher “acquires” a manuscript and sends a contract to the writer for publication.

Advance Reader Copy (ARC). A copy of a book that is given to a select amount of readers before it is officially published. This allows readers to read the book before publication so that they can positively review the book as soon as it is published.

Alpha Reader. A reader who looks over the first, unpolished draft of a manuscript to give feedback.

Backlist. Books that are not newly published but are still in print.

Back Matter. The material in the back of a book, including afterwords, addendums, appendices, author biographies, epilogues, glossaries, and indices.

Beta Reader. A reader who gives feedback on a manuscript after it has gone through several drafts. Beta readers can be volunteer or paid and should be regular readers of the book’s genre.

Bibliography. Section in the back of a book that cites all sources that were consulted in the book’s research. Bibliographies are commonly found in genres such as nonfiction, reference books, and historical fiction.

Blurb. A brief description of a book that entices readers to read it. The blurb is commonly found on the back of a cover, inside a book jacket, and as the book description in an online store. Also known as cover blurb.

Character Arc. How a character develops from their original state at the beginning of the book to their new state at the end of the book based on the events that transpire throughout the storyline.

Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). A style guide used in publishing that sets grammar, punctuation, and similar guidelines for publication. It is most commonly used in print publications, fiction books, and nonfiction books.

Climax. The part of a story that has the highest tension, emotion, and action and is a major turning point for the main character.

Comps. Published works that are similar to a writer’s own work. Comps are usually referred to when a writer is pitching their work or writing a proposal to an agent or publisher.

Copyediting. A type of editing that corrects errors in capitalization, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and usage. This stage of editing generally comes right before the book is put into printer-ready format.

Copyright. The right to publish, sell, and revise a work, be it written or artistic. This right generally belongs to the creator of the work automatically unless otherwise stated by the creator or sold by contract.

Cover Blurb. A brief description found on the cover of a book that entices readers to read the book. Also known as blurb.

Developmental Editing. A type of editing that evaluates overarching story elements, such as themes, organization, character arcs, and pacing for the manuscript as a whole. This stage of editing would be done before any other stage. Also known as substantive editing.

Editorial Letter. A letter that most often accompanies a developmental edit and can accompany other levels of editing. This letter is written by the editor and includes actionable steps and advice for revision of a draft.

Elevator Pitch. A short promotional description of a book that aims to sell the book as fast as possible. An elevator pitch is typically no more than 100 words and delivered vocally to agents, publishers, or potential readers.

Endnote. A source reference or author note that is listed at the end of a book or the end of a chapter. It is marked by a superscript in the main body of text.

Epilogue. A section at the end of a book that is found directly after the main chapter content. It can act as a conclusion for the book or give commentary on what happened in the story.

Flash Fiction. A short fictional publication generally no more than 1,500 words. It may be a few paragraphs or even a few words long.

Footnote. A source reference or author comment that is listed at the bottom of a printed page and marked by a superscript in the main body of text.

Foreword. Section at the beginning of a book that briefly describes how the book came into being and why readers should read the book. Forewords are typically written by someone other than the book’s author.

Front Matter. The material at the front of the book, including title pages, forwards, prefaces, copyrights, dedications, lists of publications by the same author, and tables of contents.

Galley. A typeset document that authors, editors, and publishers review before the final publication. Also known as a proof.

Hook. A sentence or paragraph that catches the reader’s attention and entices them to keep reading. Hooks can be found at the beginning of a book or chapter and even on cover material.

Hybrid Publishing. A new publishing model that combines aspects of traditional publishing and self-publishing. There are many variations of hybrid publishers that allow for more author involvement, but it is important for authors to research any hybrid publisher in order to avoid illegitimate publishing deals.

Imprint. The trade name a larger publisher uses to distinguish and publish a specific type and collection of books.

International Standard Book Number (ISBN). A number used to identify a specific book. This number is needed in order to sell a book.

Lead Time. The time between when an editor receives a book and when it is officially published.

Line Editing. A type of editing that amends discrepancies in tone, style, plot, and characterization at the paragraph and sentence levels. This stage of editing happens after a developmental edit and before a copyedit.

The Modern Language Association Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (MLA). A style guide used in publishing that sets grammar, punctuation, and similar guidelines for publication. It is most commonly used in the humanities, liberal arts, and literary criticism.

Narrative Nonfiction. A genre of books in which actual events and facts are structured and presented in a storytelling style.

Pacing. How quickly or slowly key events in a story develop.

Pitch. A very brief written or verbal presentation of a book that authors use to entice agents, editors, or publishers to accept their book for representation or publication. This pitch may also be found in a query letter.

Printer. Not to be confused with a publisher, a printer is a company that prints the physical copy of a book.

Print on Demand (POD). A printing process that prints single physical copies of a book only after they are ordered by a customer, instead of printing a large amount of books at once to sell at a later time.

Prologue. A section at the beginning of a book that is sometimes found directly before the main storyline. It acts as an opening for the book or gives relevant information needed to understand what will happen in the story.

Proofreading. A type of editing that catches the final errors in the typeset format of a book, including making corrections in punctuation and formatting.

Proposal. A document sent to an agent, an editor, or a publisher to convince them to accept a manuscript for representation or publication. It may include a cover letter, an author’s bio and credentials, a query letter, comparable titles, sample chapters, an outline of the book, and marketing strategies.

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). A style guide used in publishing that sets grammar, punctuation, and similar guidelines for publication. It is most commonly used in behavioral sciences, healthcare, and social science.

Publisher. A company that acquires, edits, designs, and markets a book. They also oversee public relations and sales.

Query Letter. A brief letter, typically one page or approximately 250 words, that is sent to an agent, editor, or publisher to convince them to accept your manuscript for representation or publication. A query letter includes a manuscript’s title, word count, and genre, as well as a hook, quick author bio, and synopsis of the story.

Revisions. The changes an author makes to a work.

Slush Pile. Unsolicited manuscripts received by an agent, editor, or publisher. These manuscripts may not be top priority and may not be read in a timely manner.

Story Arc. The chronological structure of a plot, including a beginning, a middle, and an ending.

Synopsis. A brief summary of a manuscript.

Title Page. A page near the front of the book that includes the title, subtitle, edition, author name, publisher, and, when necessary, the imprint.

Trope. A common theme or element found in a specific genre.

Typesetting. Formatting a manuscript from a Word document, Google Doc, or similar format to an industry-standard e-book or PDF.

Unique Selling Proposition (USP). What makes a book stand out in the marketplace.

Work in Progress (WIP). A manuscript that a writer is currently working on.

You’re sure to find many more terms and acronyms in the publishing world, but this list should give you a good starting point to understanding the rich jargon used by agents, editors, designers, publishers, readers, writers, and more.

We would like to thank Breanna Call and our friends at Ever Editing for allowing us to share segments of this article with you. To read the article in full, click here.

The Blessings of Involuntary Self-Employment

October 31, 2024 By LDSPMA Leave a Comment

I’ve been self-employed for over a year, mostly doing side gigs and odd jobs. At first, it was out of necessity. I found myself out of a job and had a hard time finding a new one. For months, I went back and forth between loving and resenting self-employment. The pay is low and inconsistent, there are no benefits, the schedule is chaotic, my career path seems uncertain, and I could go on. Every so often, I’d send out a mad flurry of resumes to every job I thought I could possibly be qualified for. I haven’t gotten any responses yet.

It’s become clear that something specific is in the works for me. In the meantime, all I need to do is wait, prepare, and learn to love this phase of life, which has blessed me with opportunities to preserve and foster my spiritual and creative sides.

Here are some lessons that have blessed me throughout my self-employment journey creatively and spiritually.

It’s a Trial of Faith

When I first became self-employed, my life was fear-based. I worked long hours and pushed myself too hard to pay my bills. Sometimes, that effort still wasn’t sufficient. I often had to take time off as I panicked and broke down over feeling stuck, as if nothing I did was enough. I couldn’t take breaks. As I saw it, if I had the opportunity to make money, I had no excuse not to be working. The nature of my work meant there was always opportunity. Not a waking minute passed when I wasn’t stressed about not doing enough.

I’d been struggling to be active in church for years, and I was afraid to talk to Heavenly Father. Through a series of miracles big and small, I started to open back up to Him, and in turn, He helped me build my faith. I could take real breaks that didn’t involve stressing over the money I wasn’t making. Learning to leave my worries in God’s hands helped all aspects of my health, not just the spiritual.

It’s Not About the Money

It took me over a year to learn which goals and mindsets wouldn’t overwhelm me. I don’t always hit my goals, but it’s not because they are bad.

I’ve been striving to live with spiritual conviction by utilizing my spiritual gifts, following promptings, and knowing at all times that I am exactly where I need to be, doing exactly what I need to be doing. This conviction leaves no room for regret or fear of failure. Living by faith has blessed my life tremendously.

I often find myself on spiritual side quests as I follow my promptings. These endeavors take time away from the hours I would have worked, but I have never regretted following the Spirit. My faith has grown, I’ve seen blessings in my life and the lives I’ve touched, and somehow, I am always able to pay my bills.

God Is in the Details

Heavenly Father regularly uses my side gigs and odd jobs to teach me lessons and remind me He is present. Once while working for DoorDash, I was prompted to accept all food delivery orders that came through, even if I’d lose time or money by fulfilling them. As He instructed me to take on this challenge, He reminded me that I would serve others by offering my time—one of the few resources I had to give. He told me, “If all you ever shared only came from the excess you neither wanted nor needed, then where is your glory?” I am constantly overwhelmed by His wisdom, love, and all He teaches me.

As I have taken the time to develop my relationship with God and do what He asks of me, I’ve been reminded that I am building myself and my future into something greater than I now comprehend. Though I’ve often felt like I’m failing or falling behind because I don’t have a career or substantial income, I have received many promised blessings. I see that the changes within myself are preparing me for a successful future.

Reconnecting with my Inner Artist

I’ve always wanted to be a full-time author. I don’t think that goal is next on my agenda, but writing has always been important to me. It turns out that it’s important to Heavenly Father, too. Some of the blessings included in this self-employed lifestyle are the opportunities to listen to music and belt out songs or to brainstorm plot and character development on the job. I often have plenty of physical and intellectual energy left to be creative when I’m done working for the day.

For the most part, I’d put my writing on hold for years. Working a full-time job was very taxing for me, and before that, I’d been a full-time mom. However, in redeveloping my relationship with Heavenly Father this year, He began instructing me to write. He’s even helped me as I choose projects, themes, and plots. Now that I am dedicating my time to a novel, I feel spiritually guided as I write.

There have been days and weeks when I was too busy, too overwhelmed, or even too focused on my spirituality to take the time to write. However, living with conviction means knowing there are times when Heavenly Father doesn’t want me to be doing anything else. It’s getting easier to schedule writing time without Him reminding me to make it happen. I can prioritize my novel because I no longer feel pressured to make money from writing. I realize that writing is a valuable use of my time.

Here are some steps to help you apply these lessons:

Include God in the decision-making and build your faith by allowing Him to guide you through what you cannot control.
Experiment to learn what you can control and apply gospel truths to shift how you perceive and accomplish your goals.
Look for God’s hand in your life. He is everywhere. No part of your life is untouched by His influence, and you can find beauty and purpose in the struggles and pain. He wants you to learn, feel His love, and experience joy.
Know what you want and communicate your aspirations with Heavenly Father. Be willing to listen to what He says in response. If your desires are righteous, you may find He has already been working to get you where you want to be.
Learn the difference between what you want (e.g., a specific amount of money to pay bills) and what you need (e.g., peace), especially regarding something you feel spiritually called to do. We don’t always get exactly what we ask for, and we align our will with Heavenly Father’s by learning that difference.

I can’t begin to describe everything I have learned this year thanks to the opportunity to rekindle my relationship with God while self-employed. I now know He loves me more than I can comprehend. What matters to me matters to Him, and I don’t need to worry as I put my faith in Him. The ends will be met, and the means don’t matter as much as my development along the way.

Mariah K. Porter

Mariah K. Porter is a member of the LDSPMA and the author of Tomorrow I Will Make a List: Managing the Depressive Habit of Procrastination. In addition to her nonfiction, she has also written That Prince Guy, This Glass Heart, and These Extraordinary Thorns, which are fairy tale retellings. You can learn more about her here.

How “Save the Cat” Can Save Your Story – Part Five

October 18, 2024 By LDSPMA Leave a Comment

Every reader knows that stories consist of more than just fun and games, and they’ll be ready to discover what comes next. You’d better deliver the heat you promised at the midpoint!

Where the midpoint is a single scene beat that acts as a catalyst to change your hero’s path, the next beat is similar to the debate where your fearless hero deals with the fallout.

Beat 10: Bad Guys Close In

The stakes are high, and a ticking clock increases the pressure. Your story takes a dramatic turn, and your hero faces their ultimate test.

What happens to humans under pressure? Even the best of us default to our worst qualities—and that’s exactly what happens to our hero. All their negative personality traits drive their behavior. Eventually, their character flaws become too much for their friends to bear, and the hero finds themselves alone.

Beat 11: All Is Lost

What happens when we find ourselves in the worst spot of our lives with no one to support us? We hit rock bottom.

In this moment of despair, your hero faces a significant defeat that represents the death of the character they once were. This single scene beat is often signified by an actual death, especially that of the hero’s mentor. Without a mentor, the hero is truly on his own. This is the darkest hour before the dawn and the door through which your hero must pass to experience profound transformation.

Beat 12: The Dark Night of the Soul

This internal struggle is a crucial moment of reflection, introspection, and growth for your hero. Your hero confronts their inner demons, learns a valuable life lesson, and comes to understand the theme of your story.

Your hero will reflect on the lessons learned in their darkest moment to rise up and face the final challenge. This epiphany is the culmination of your story and the rising platform on which your hero will emerge victorious.

You can create a compelling and satisfying ending to your story by understanding the key stages of Act 2. I’m excited just thinking about it! Do this section right, and you’ll have a winner on your hands.

Now comes the grand finale. Act 3 brings all the pieces together, and your hero emerges triumphant. Let’s explore how to craft a satisfying and memorable conclusion to your story. Remember, the brightest dawn often follows the darkest night.

Beat 13: Break into Three: The Eureka Moment

The turning point of Act 3 is when your hero has a breakthrough—a realization that changes everything. The lessons they learned in the Dark Night of the Soul (Beat 12) meet the “aha” moment that sets the stage for the showdown.

Beat 14: The Final Battle

The stakes are at their highest, and the outcome is uncertain. It’s the climax of your story—the moment of truth. Here, your hero faces their greatest challenge where they will triumph or fail.

The hero must make amends for their bad behavior in Beat 10 and restore the relationship with the B-story character. Either the B-story character or the team recognizes the hero has changed and joins them in the fight.

With a foolproof plan in hand, they confront the bad guys—and are completely thwarted. The bad guys throw down a plot twist that destroys the hero’s plan and leaves them hopeless.

This defeat leads to a mini setup/catalyst/debate where the hero digs deeper than ever before and decides once and for all if they have what it takes to win the game. “Winning” requires them to embrace the theme and become the person the story has guided them to be. Only by doing so will they truly be able to defeat the bad guys.

The hero confronts the bad guys again with greater confidence and a supportive team.

This time, the hero and their team emerge victorious.

Beat 15: The Final Image

The last scene provides a snapshot of the hero’s new reality. This image mirrors the opening scene and allows the theme to resonate with the reader. The final image cements the hero’s transformation and emphasizes the lessons they’ve learned.

Crafting a satisfying ending is crucial to leave a lasting impact on your readers. By following these steps and understanding the importance of each beat, you can create a rewarding and memorable conclusion.

Pro Tip: The key to a great ending is to make it feel earned. The resolution should directly result from the character’s journey and the challenges they’ve faced.

I hope you’ve enjoyed this journey through the beats of Save the Cat, but you should never feel constrained by a writing method. Follow the beats as closely or loosely as you wish to guide you through crafting the best story you’ve ever written—the first of many to come.

Happy writing!

Ali Cross

Ali Cross is a USA Today bestselling author, motivational speaker, and story development coach who loves to help writers level up both professionally and personally. A happiness enthusiast and believer in hope and magic, Ali’s a sucker for underdogs, redemption stories, and happily-ever-afters. She explores the concept of joy and where it can be found in her YouTube show and podcast, Write4Joy. She lives in Utah with her hacker husband where they collaborate on stories, artificial intelligence, and their plan for virtual world domination.
Find Ali at her website or @thealicross online.

The Five P’s to Pitching Your Book

October 14, 2024 By LDSPMA 1 Comment

With LDSPMA coming up this week, many of us are looking forward to the classes, keynotes, and interactive sessions—which include pitching! Pitching is an incredible opportunity to chat with an editor or agent about your work and can frequently lead to opportunities for representation and publishing.

But pitching can also be incredibly scary and super intimidating. You’re putting yourself out there and sharing what’s in your heart that you’ve been working on for years. So many worries and fears can fill your brain: Will the agent/editor even like it? What if you say something wrong? What if you never find a home for your book? What if the fire alarm goes off in the middle of your pitch and you’ll never get to finish what you started?

Well, I’m here to reassure you that it’s unlikely the fire alarm will go off, and while it can be scary, pitching is not the end of the world. As someone who has pitched at multiple conferences, I know it can be overwhelming, especially your first time. But there are things you can do to make pitching a positive experience—and increase your chances of landing that dream publisher! So, without further ado, here are the five P’s to pitching.

1. Prepare

The first thing to remember is that you need to prepare for your pitch. This awesome article gives you plenty of resources to help you prepare and walks you through how to build your pitch. As part of preparing, you need to give yourself time to focus on your story to distill it into your three-minute pitch. Write everything out (your hook, your synopsis with the stakes, your comparable titles, and your author bio) and then print it. You can just read your pitch at the conference—that’s totally acceptable. Just make sure to print off two copies—one for yourself that you can mark up, and one for the agent/editor to give them if they ask.

2. Practice

Once your pitch is written out and ready to go, practice saying it, and practice with a timer to make sure you’re staying within your allotted three minutes. Practice in front of the mirror, practice with your spouse or children, and practice with your dog, too. Go over it as many times as you need to so that you’re comfortable reading it in the time you have. If you need to write yourself reminders in your pitch such as “pause here for effect,” “breathe after this sentence,” or “eye contact here,” do so and then practice those cues. You want it to be well-rehearsed—but not perfect. (Notice that “perfect” is not one of these five P’s!)

3. Presentation

The day of your pitch, you want to dress for success. This doesn’t mean you need to be super formal like you’re going to a dance, but you should dress professionally and on-brand for your book. If you’re writing fantasy, maybe dress in something a little more whimsical, like a cute nature dress, or a fun plaid jacket with nice slacks. If you’re writing middle-grade horror, maybe don a leather jacket if that’s part of your brand. If you wear makeup regularly, then do your makeup for your pitch. If you’re someone who never wears makeup, then don’t. You want to feel professional, but you also want to feel like yourself. I’ve worn penguin earrings to pitch my book because they’re on-brand for me and my stories, and they make me feel happy and comfortable. Dress for success, but also dress comfortably to best represent yourself and your book to the agent/editor you’re pitching to.

4. Pacing

Because you’ve practiced your pitch, you know how long it’ll take. But here’s a little secret: we all speak way too fast when we’re nervous. Every single time I’ve pitched, I speak too fast because it’s nerve-racking and exciting to put yourself out there. That’s why practicing beforehand is so helpful. You know exactly how long it’ll take you to read your pitch, so give yourself permission to slow down. If you need to write yourself a reminder on your pitch, do that too. Slowing down also helps calm your racing heart, making it easier to say the words. And don’t worry—agents/editors are humans too, and they totally get being nervous. Many of them teach classes for their job, which can put them out of their comfort zone too.

5. Patience

I know, patience can stink. But here’s the thing: not every agent/editor you pitch to is going to be the best fit for you or your manuscript. You’re interviewing them just as much as they are interviewing you. If they say no, which happens, don’t give up. If they say yes, but then later reject your manuscript, that’s okay too. Publishing is constantly changing, and while your story may be pristine and polished, it may not be the right publisher or the right time. Don’t be afraid to try again and pitch at a different conference to a different agent/editor.

That’s it! Remember to follow the five P’s by preparing, practicing, presenting yourself well, pacing yourself as you pitch, and practicing patience with both yourself and the agent/editor you’re presenting to. And remember, at the end of the day, even if they don’t accept your book, you still took a brave step forward into the unknown, and that is praiseworthy.

KaTrina Jackson

KaTrina Jackson loves penguins, cross-stitching, chocolate, and piano music, and spends much of each day trying to fit those loves in around her jobs as a freelance editor and as a project manager for Eschler Editing. She graduated with a degree in editing and publishing from Brigham Young University because she couldn’t get enough stories in her life. She’s also a member of three different writing groups, attends and teaches at multiple writing conferences yearly, volunteers with LDSPMA and has since 2021, and is currently working on publishing her first novel. When she’s not writing, editing, or reading, she can be found practicing yoga, teaching piano lessons or performing with her husband, or watching Disney movies while working on a cross-stitch project. She and her husband live in Olathe, Kansas.